(originally published in (1999): XX Kazi Sonuclar Toplantisi. Pp. 183-203. Ankara: Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Culture, General Directorate of Monuments and Museums.)
1997 EXCAVATIONS AT HACINEBI TEPE
Gil J. Stein
INTRODUCTION:
The sixth field season of the Northwestern University salvage excavations at Hacinebi Tepe, Birecik district, Sanliurfa province took from July 15-August 26, 1997, directed by Gil Stein. The project staff consisted of: Marta Ameri, Adnan Baysal, Bünhan Bengi, Lauren Bigelow, Kenneth Boden, Dr. Christopher Edens (Assistant Director), Julie Pearce Edens, Zafer Görür, Nicola Laneri, Katherine May, Dr. Augusta McMahon (Assistant Director), Dr. Naomi Miller, Rana Özbal, J. Paul Pressley, Paola Pugsley, Clemens Reichel, Mark Schwartz, Dr. Sharon Steadman, Katharine Untch, Jason Ur, and Yeliz Yakupoglu. A team of 43 workers from the village of Ugurcuk assisted the project staff in the excavation and artifact processing activities.
The excavations were funded with support from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National Science Foundation, The National Geographic Society, the Kress Foundation, the American Research Institute in Turkey (ARIT), and the generosity of private donors. We wish to express our appreciation to the Ministry of Culture’s Directorate of Monuments and Museums for permission to conduct this research, and most specifically, to Mr. Mehmet Önal (Gaziantep Museum), who served as the Directorate’s representative on site. We also acknowledge Mr. Kemal Isik, the Muhtar of Ugurcuk village, for his hospitality and support. We owe a special debt to Mr. Sahir Tahtacõ of the Birecik Dam Construction project for his willingness to provide earthmoving equipment for the backfilling of the site at the conclusion of excavations. Finally, we thank Mr. Eyüp Bucak, director of the Sanliurfa Museum, without whose administrative assistance the excavations and study season would not have been possible.
SITE DESCRIPTION, CHRONOLOGY, AND 1997 RESEARCH GOALS:
Hacinebi Tepe is a 3.3 ha. mound on the bluffs overlooking the east bank of the Euphrates river, 5 km north of the modern town of Birecik in Sanliurfa province (figure 1). The site lies on the main riverine trade route linking Anatolia with Syria and Mesopotamia. Six seasons of excavation (1992-1997) at Hacinebi have investigated the indigenous Late Chalcolithic societies in southeast Anatolia and the organization of their interaction with Uruk Mesopotamia during the fourth millennium BC (Stein and Misir 1994a, 1994b, 1995, 1996; Stein, Bernbeck et al. 1996; Stein, Edens, et al. 1996; Stein, Boden, et. al. 1997). The Late Chalcolithic occupation of the site dates to approximately 4100-3300 BC based on calibrated radiocarbon dates and ceramic parallels with other sites (figures 2, 3; table 1). Stratigraphy and associated ceramics allow us to subdivide the Late Chalcolithic occupation into an earlier Phase A, which has early forms of Local Anatolian Late Chalcolithic ceramics, and a later phase B. Late Chalcolithic phase A marks the earliest occupation of Hacinebi, and directly overlies sterile gravels or bedrock. Phase B1 has late forms of Local Anatolian Late Chalcolithic ceramics, while phase B2 has both late Local ceramics and Mesopotamian ceramics dating to the later part of the Middle Uruk period. Phases A and B1 at Hacinebi are often called respectively the "early pre-contact" and "late pre-contact" phases, while B2 is termed the "contact phase" to emphasize the appearance of evidence for intensive interaction with southern Mesopotamia.
The previous five seasons of excavations had exposed approximately 1400 m2 of the site in 18 trenches, spread out over three main parts of the site (figure 1). This work had removed the overlying Achaemenid/Hellenistic deposits, Early Bronze I burial areas, and broad areas of the contact phase B2 settlement, thereby exposing the top of the underlying late pre-contact phase B1 occupation. The early fourth millennium pre-contact phases B1 and A - and the indigenous culture they represent - remain poorly understood, not only at Hacinebi, but in southeast Anatolia and north Syria in general (Frangipane 1993). For this reason, the 1997 field season at Hacinebi focused on these phases, with four main goals:
1) clarification of the relationship between the late pre-contact phase B1 and the early pre-contact phase A; 2) broad horizontal exposures of the early pre-contact phase A occupation in three spatially distinct parts of the site in order to recover a representative sample of economic, architectural, and ceramic data from this time period;
3) collection of radiocarbon samples from the pre-contact phases in order to complete the absolute chronology for the Late Chalcolithic at Hacinebi; and
4) excavation of stratigraphic soundings down to sterile deposits at the base of the site in order to complete the stratigraphic sequence and confirm that phase A did in fact comprise the earliest occupational phase at the site.
The 1997 fieldwork continued in six trenches where previous excavations had reached the top of pre-contact occupations in the north, south, and west parts of the site: area A (operations 4 and 14), area B (operations 11 and 12) and area C (operations 5 and 16). Late pre-contact phase B1 deposits were removed in all trenches, exposing approximately 500 m2 of the early pre-contact phase A settlement. The results showed significant architectural/functional variation among the three areas, while also documenting significant diachronic change in these aspects of pre-contact settlement organization at Hacinebi.
AREA A:
Area A at the northeast corner of the site has the broadest horizontal exposures, with ca. 600 m2 of Late Chalcolithic deposits exposed from 1992 to 1996. These earlier seasons of excavation had reached late pre-contact phase B1 deposits, most notably the large stone platform 137 in op. 4 and its two associated terraces (Stein, Bernbeck, et al. 1996; Stein, Boden, et al. 1997). Excavations in 1997 focused on contiguous operations 4 and 14 since these were the trenches with the earliest exposures in the northern part of the mound. Stone platform 137 in operation 4 was left in place, due to its massive size and historical importance. In the large open area to the north and east of the platform, a series of thick ash and trash deposits also dating to phase B1 covered the western edges of the terraces and overlay the compact sloping outdoor surface on which the platform was built. Excavations defined the surface and retaining walls at the north, west, and south edges of terrace 119 in op. 14. The terrace followed the eroded northeast slope of the mound, partially overlying and slightly cutting into the underlying wash layers and phase A architecture.
Three phase A building levels were identified in operations 4/14. The uppermost level was a series of three adjacent mud brick buildings aligned in a row oriented NNW-SSE (figure 4). The eroded wall tops of these buildings were sealed by wash deposits, suggesting that this particular area remained unused for a significant period of time (possibly 50-100 years?) between the abandonment of the phase A structures and the construction of the platform-and-terrace complex in the late pre-contact phase B1.
The three mudbrick structures can be securely dated by their associated ceramics to early pre-contact phase A. This row of buildings a stood at what was apparently the eastern edge of the mound even in the early 4th millennium. To the west they were bounded by an open area with a compact mud surface; the presence of a hearth suggests that this might have been a large courtyard or plaza rather than a street. Although the three structures were not built as a single planned unit, they were all occupied contemporaneously for an extended period and underwent several major remodelings.
Based on the architecture and comparison with the central structure (see below) the northern structure appears to have been a small house. Heat reddened/ hardened bricks and numerous collapsed burned roof beams indicate that the north structure was destroyed by fire, in which the upper floor collapsed down onto the ground floor. The house yielded almost no artifacts, suggesting that the occupants had time to collect their belongings and flee.
The ground plan of the well preserved central structure was completely exposed, providing the best example of phase A domestic architecture at Hacinebi. This mudbrick structure with stone foundations remained unburned, with some walls preserved as high as 1.71 m, despite the fire damage to the northern and southern structures to either side of it. The layout, construction, and contents suggest that this was a small house, measuring 8.6 m. (N-S) by 8 m. (E-W). In its original form, the structure consisted of three parallel rooms with interior dimensions of 2x6.5 m. The doors were placed at the west end of each room, giving access to the open area or plaza to the west. The central room in this house may have been a courtyard flanked by roofed rooms to the north and south; ground stone artifacts and large storage jars suggest that it may have been an open air food preparation area.
The three-roomed central structure underwent several remodelings. In the first of these, the southernmost room was subdivided into two long, narrow rooms by the construction of wall 188. The structure was then finished with a thick layer of plaster that extended across to include the adjacent southern structure as well. The function of the two narrow rooms remains unclear due to the absence of in situ deposits. However, ash deposits in the rooms yielded a ceramic open faced copper mold, a crucible with slag, and a small flat piece of copper, suggesting that metal working activities took place either in or near the house. In the final remodeling of this structure, the two doorways on the west side were blocked up with stones and bricks. At this point, access to the house must have shifted to the east side, presumably through a doorway in the poorly preserved wall 206. After this, the house was abandoned.
Although only part of the southern structure was exposed in op. 4, it clearly differs from the northern two houses in construction technique and room orientation. The preserved portion of the structure contains two rooms - a square room to the west and a rectangular room to the east - with two doorways in the shared wall between them. The doors frame a mud brick column with a square cross-section. The interior and exterior walls of the structure were plastered white, and a niche was constructed in its northern wall 236. The floors of both rooms were plastered. Set into the plaster floor of the western room was a circular hearth with ash deposits. Seven spindle whorls were found in these two small rooms. The function of this structure remains unclear, but the contrast between it and the adjacent houses suggest that the south building might have served some non-domestic purpose. The building was destroyed by fire, and was filled with large amounts of ash and burnt beams.
Beneath the south structure in operation 4 was an earlier phase A building level. This consisted of massive unworked limestone foundation walls 1.8 m wide, forming two small square rooms. A trash pit (locus 276) cut into the floor of this building yielded a rectangular carved stamp seal of reddish brown stone, depicting a cervid, a bird, and an anthropomorphic figure holding a mace (HN15690; see figures 5 and 10B).
The earliest sampled occupational levels in area A underlie this large stone building. These deposits were sampled in a small 2.7 x 1.3 m sounding along the west baulk of operation 14. The limited amounts of ceramics recovered from the sounding are consistent with a Late Chalcolithic phase A date for the earliest stratigraphically documented occupation of the site. This earliest building level was constructed on sterile silts and gravel 6.5 m below the mound surface.
AREA B:
Area B at the southeast corner of the mound comprised operations 2, 7, 11, 12, and 13, for a total exposure of ca. 450 m2. Excavations in 1994-96 had located a massive niched and buttressed stone enclosure wall 3 m thick and preserved to a height of over 3.3 m in operations 11, 12, and 13 (see Stein 1997:100-101; Stein, Boden, et al. 1996:89-92). This wall was initially constructed in phase A and continued in use throughout the Late Chalcolithic occupation of the site. Excavations in 1997 focused on contiguous operations 11 and 12, in order to recover as large a sample as possible from pre-contact phases B1 and A in the areas both inside and outside the enclosure wall.
The uppermost building level investigated in op. 11 in 1997 consisted of the large mud brick and stone platform 121, constructed inside the stone enclosure wall 68/101 at the beginning of late pre-contact phase B1. The platform extended into the north and east baulks; however the exposed portions in operation 11 measured at least 5.6 m (NNW-SSE) by 5 m (ENE-WSW). The mudbrick and stone platform was preserved to a height of three m. A large foundation of unworked limestone provided a level base for the 1.5 m tall mud brick superstructure. This superstructure appears to have been repaired or remodeled, as evidenced by the difference between the rectangular (60 x 32 x 10 cm) bricks of the bottom four courses and the square (32 x 32 x 10 cm) bricks of the upper five courses. Although the function of platform 121 remains unknown, it resembles the contemporaneous stone platform 137 at the north end of the site. In both areas, the construction of large scale platforms and/or terraces form the earliest phase B1 architectural levels.
The phase A enclosure wall itself was built entirely above ground, with no evidence for a foundation trench. The line of the wall was traced for at least 20 m, running NNW clear across operations 11 and 13. The east face of the wall has a series of niches and buttresses 2 m wide and 1 m deep that begin 2 m above the base of the wall. The west or outer face of the enclosure wall (in adjacent operation 12) lacked these features. This suggests that Local Anatolian architectural practices in the early fourth millennium differed from the southern Mesopotamian convention in which niches and buttresses were generally placed on the exterior face of a wall. The construction of this monumental enclosure wall marked a significant break with the underlying, earliest phase A building level in op. 11.
The enclosure wall overlay a series of compact wash and ash lenses that sealed off the earliest phase A building level in operation 11 - a group of 4-5 mudbrick walled rooms (figure 6). The rooms run beneath the enclosure wall and as a result were only partially exposed; however their simplicity and domestic character are clear. The rooms were irregularly shaped rather than rectilinear. Trash deposits associated with this building level yielded a copper pin (HN17153-figure 14:E), one of the earliest metal artifacts from the site. These apparently domestic structures were constructed directly on sterile gravels.
The 1997 excavations in adjacent operation 12 exposed the area outside and to the west of the enclosure wall in operation 11. Earlier work in operation 12 had recovered the remains of an area of Early Bronze Age I (EB-I: ca. 3100-2900 BC) pits and burials dug into the sloping erosion layer that sealed off the Late Chalcolithic settlement (Stein 1998; Stein, Boden, et al. 1997). Three additional EB-I pits were excavated in 1997. The EB-I pits cut down through the erosion layer that marked the post-Chalcolithic abandonment of the site, and cut into the underlying contact phase B2 building level. These deposits overlie what is apparently the uppermost late pre-contact phase B1 building level - a series of poorly preserved eroded mudbrick walls forming a small room in the southwest part of the trench. The floor of this room was clean, indicating that the structure, presumably a small house, was peacefully abandoned.
Beneath this was evidence for four main building levels dating to the early pre-contact phase A. The most significant of these was outdoor surface 260 and its associated pyrotechnic features. At this point, operation 12 seems to have been used as an outdoor industrial area with no evidence for mud brick buildings. Instead, eleven post holes and four larger pits (loci 258, 259, 265, 273) were cut into surface 260. The pits were roughly 65 cm in diameter and 35-45 cm deep. They were filled with large amounts of ash and charcoal and showed signs of heat reddening on their walls. Two had ash disposal areas immediately adjacent. Pit 258 contained crucible fragments, vitrified slag, and a small piece of copper, suggesting that these were small, open smelting furnaces. The pits and their contents provide the first in situ evidence for early pre-contact phase A copper production at Hacinebi.
Underlying this industrial area was the first phase A building level associated with the construction and use of the massive stone enclosure wall 68/101. A large pisé or packed mud platform measuring at least 9 m (E-W) by 5 m (N-S) was built against the west face of the enclosure wall. To strengthen the platform, flat-lying logs were set between layers of pisé, while large amounts of chaff and fine limestone chips were mixed in with the mud. The function of this platform remains unclear.
Beneath the platform and the stone enclosure wall was the earliest level of phase A architecture in operation 12. This consisted of a set of 3 simple stone wall foundations constructed directly on top of sterile gravels. Two of the walls (292 and 194) were aligned roughly in parallel, and may form a street that continues east into the adjacent operation 11. To the south of this street, fragmentary cross-wall 290 abutted wall 292, forming a possible room to the west and an open courtyard area to the east. In this latter area, ash deposits and a basalt milling stone fragment were found. These appear to be house remains.
Taken together, the excavations in operations 11 and 12 completed the stratigraphic sequence for area B down to sterile gravels. The evidence for monumental architecture, internal functional differentiation, and probable specialization in the production of high value craft goods made of smelted copper in the early pre-contact phase A are all consistent with the evidence from other parts of the site for the local development of social complexity at the end of the 5th millennium BC.
AREA C:
In area C at the west end of the sitte, the 1997 excavations continued in adjacent operations 5 and 16, comprising an exposure of 200 m2. All deposits excavated in 1997 dated to the 4th millennium BC. The sequence shows great continuity from the early pre-contact phase A into the late pre-contact phase B1. The latest Chalcolithic deposits were intrusive contact phase B2 pits 165 and 173 at the north end of operation 16. The pits yielded a mix of both local and Uruk pottery, and most notably, a beautifully carved bone stamp seal in the shape of a lion with a complex geometric sealing motif on the reverse (HN14420 - figures 7, 8, and 10A).
The Uruk pits cut into trash and wash deposits inside and around small-scale stone architecture apparently dating to phase B1. This architecture consists of several superimposed building levels of narrow-walled structures that appear to have been houses, based on their associated cooking installations and intra-mural infant jar burials cut into the plastered floors of the rooms and courtyard. The courtyard had a small raised stone platform in it, built up against the standing walls of earlier phase A architecture. Trash deposits in the courtyard yielded large amounts of ceramics and bone, and a two-sided sub-rectangular flat limestone stamp seal, with crudely carved curvilinear designs of each surface, and a partial drill hole on its side (figure 10D).
The late pre-contact phase B1 domestic architecture was built up against earlier architecture dating to the early pre-contact phase A. Three distinct phase A building levels were identified in operations 5/16. The uppermost of these consists of three buildings - two double roomed structures with narrow, stone built storerooms and a third, associated mud brick house with a small courtyard (figure 9). This building level underwent a series of building and remodeling episodes, reflecting long-term use of these structures. The two stone buildings are closely similar; each had walls ca. .8-1.1 m thick of unworked limestone, preserved to heights of about 1 m with no signs of doors or windows. Normally this would suggest that these are subterranean foundations; however, the presence of clear floor surfaces along the base of the wall exteriors confirms that the stone walls were, in fact, above ground. The west building (figure 9: rooms A, B) was built first, and the slightly smaller east building (Figure 9: rooms C, D) was constructed shortly afterwards. Each building comprised two adjacent long narrow rooms 7 m (NNW-SSE) by 1.7 m (WSW-ENE) with compact mud plastered floors. These rooms were in most cases later divided in half by the construction of mudbrick internal walls.The function of the two stone buildings remains unclear. The long narrow rooms, lack of doors, and absence of artifacts on the floors of rooms A-D makes it difficult to determine the function of the east and west stone buildings; however , their dimensions are consistent with what one would expect for store rooms. A ceramic tuyere or blowpipe used in copper smelting was found in the cleaning of wall 45 on the west stone structure; this suggests that metallurgical activities were carried out here at some point during this building level. The third building in this level was a small courtyard house built up against the south wall (45) of the west stone building. The house had at least one room opening into a narrow cobbled courtyard containing a large basalt grinding stone. An open area lay to the west of the house, and may have been used fore cooking.
The stone buildings were built over and incorporated the reddish mud brick walls of an earlier building level, also dating to phase A. The orientation and layout of these mudbrick rooms differ markedly from the groundplans of the stone buildings above them. These structures, mostly preserved in the eastern half of operations 5 and 16, were clearly domestic; they have narrow mud brick walls, and three or four rooms and a courtyard with domestic floor features such as hearths and ash pits. Inside one of these rooms to the east of wall 48, excavations in 1994 had recovered evidence for metallurgy in the form of a copper chisel and a ceramic open faced casting mold. In the earliest stages of this mudbrick house, a drainage system composed of 13 fitted ceramic cylinders was set into the gravel floor to remove water from inside the courtyard. This is the only example of such a drainage system known from Hacinebi.
The mudbrick houses overlie the earliest phase A building level in area C - a series of stone lined rectangular bins, basins, and plastered ovens set into gravel outdoor surfaces in the west half of operation 5. These appear to be small scale storage and cooking facilities associated with (unexposed) domestic structures. One or two poorly understood stone walls also apparently date to this building level. These may be related to the earliest phase A building level in area C. This building level overlies sterile gravels.
Overall, the 1997 excavations in area C recovered a long occupational sequence with at least three distinct building levels dating to phase A. These show great internal continuities in the reuse and modification of walls from one building level to the next, not only within phase A, but also between pre-contact phases A and B1. Although domestic structures were present throughout the sequence, in the uppermost phase A building level we do see evidence for additional functions in this part of the site, if the interpretation of rooms A-D as storerooms is correct.
CONSERVATION AND LABORATORY WORK:
In addition to excavations, several projects of artifact conservation, chipped stone analysis, ceramic analysis, and archaeobotanical sample processing were also conducted in the 1997 season. Conservation and stabilization activities at Hacinebi were conducted by Ms. Katharine Untch, assisted by Ms. Katherine May. Conservation activities focused on seals and sealings, metal artifacts, and ceramics. Dr. Augusta McMahon completed her in-field analysis of the Achaemenid/Hellenistic pottery, recording material from all secure stratigraphic contexts, and compiling a study collection of diagnostic types from this period. Dr. Naomi Miller continued with her archaeobotanical analyses, processing over 100 flotation samples to recover carbonized plant remains from Late Chalcolithic phase A and B1 contexts.
Dr. Christopher Edens continued with his analysis of the excavated chipped stone artifacts (C. Edens 1996, 1997). With the 10,500 lithics recorded from July through October 1997, the total analyzed sample now consists of 24,000 pieces of chipped stone, of which about 3000 are blades and retouched tools. This forms the largest analyzed corpus to date of Late Chalcolithic chipped stone from 4th millennium BC greater Mesopotamia. Julie Pearce Edens and Kenneth Boden continued their typological and technological analyses of the Late Chalcolithic ceramics (Boden 1997, J. Edens 1996, Pearce Edens 1997), assisted by Bünhan Bengi, Nicola Laneri, and Yeliz Yakupoglu. Analyses of phase A ceramics have identified a number of forms that are diagnostic of the early pre-contact phase (figure 11). The 1997 effort coded over 4,000 diagnostic sherds, approximately 1,100 of these belonging to phase A. This number brings the total sample analyzed to date to about 27,000 diagnostic sherds, all from excavated contexts. Finally, Dr. Hadi Özbal continued his laboratory analyses of the Late Chalcolithic copper artifacts and copper production debris from the site (Özbal 1996, 1997), in collaboration with Bryan Earl and Meike Adriaens.
CONCLUSIONS:
The 1997 season of excavation at Hacinebi provided significant information about the chronology and economic organization of the local Anatolian cultures of the Taurus piedmont zone in the early fourth millennium BC. We have now exposed ca. 600 m2 of early pre-contact phase A deposits from three distinct areas of the site. This constitutes the largest available sample of material from this time period and cultural tradition in southeast Anatolia. As such, the phase A and B1 exposures provide a valuable baseline for comparison with the later contact period of intensive interaction with Uruk Mesopotamia in the mid-late fourth millennium.
Excavations reached sterile deposits in all three excavation areas, confirming that phase A is the earliest stratigraphically documented occupation of the site. We have evidence for a surprisingly long phase A sequence with multiple building levels. The earliest levels - those constructed directly on sterile gravels or bedrock - seem to be simple, small scale residences. The succeeding building levels show evidence for increasing monumentality, changes in the activities practiced in each area, and increasing functional differentiation within the site over the course of phase A. Large scale building activities continue and even increase in the late pre-contact phase B1 with the construction of terraces and large stone and mudbrick platforms in both the north and south parts of the settlement.
The 1997 excavations and artifact analyses have also contributed to our understanding of craft production at Hacinebi - specifically copper metallurgy, stone tool manufacture, and ceramic production. Most notably, the four smelting pits outside the massive enclosure wall at the south end of the site provide our first in situ evidence for copper production in a specialized industrial area at the site. It is clear that a sophisticated indigenous tradition of copper metallurgy flourished at Hacinebi in the pre-contact period, and was probably one of the main factors attracting Mesopotamian traders and colonists to the site in the subsequent contact phase B2.
In addition to the evidence on craft production for metals, lithics, and ceramics, the 1997 season recovered important data on seals and sealings from all phases of the Late Chalcolithic sequence (for Uruk and local glyptic material recovered in earlier seasons, see Pittman 1996a, 1996b). We now have evidence for a great deal of variability in the styles of pre-contact phase A stamp seals, ranging from extremely elaborate and finely carved examples with animal and anthropomorphic motifs on fine siltstone down to crudely carved geometric designs on limestone seals. The more elaborate seals show clear stylistic connections to the broader sealing tradition of the Local Late Chalcolithic cultures of Southeast Anatolia, north Syria, and the North Mesopotamian Jazirah. The beautifully carved lion shaped stamp seal demonstrates the persistence of the local sealing technology even during the period of intensive contact with Middle Uruk Mesopotamia in phase B2.
With the recovery of chronological, economic, architectural and glyptic data from three broad horizontal exposures of early pre-contact deposits at Hacinebi, we have documented the full Late Chalcolithic stratigraphic sequence (phases B2, B1, A) down to sterile deposits in a spatially representative sample from 4.2 percent of the site’s surface area. The 1997 season marks the completion of the excavation phase of the Hacinebi project. After consultation with the General Directorate of Monuments and Museums, the three main excavation areas were partially backfilled, leaving only the monumental stone architecture visible for future study. All excavated materials have been transported to Sanliurfa, where they will be fully documented in the next 2-3 field seasons for the preparation of a final publication on the Hacinebi excavations.
Acknowledgments
Small finds and ceramics were drawn by Ms. Paola Pugsley and Ms. Julie Pearce Edens. Objects were photographed by Mr. Zafer Görür, Ms. Rana Özbal, and Mr. Mark Schwartz. Plans, sections, and object drawings were inked by Ms. Paola Pugsley and Dr. Christopher Edens.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Boden, Kenneth
1997 Technological Strategies in Fourth Millennium BC Ceramic Production at Hacinebi. In G. Stein, K. Boden, C. Edens, J. Edens, K. Keith, A. McMahon, and H. Özbal, "Excavations at Hacinebi Turkey - 1996: Preliminary Report. Anatolica 23:132-136.
Edens, Christopher
1996 Hacinebi Chipped Stone - 1995. In Gil J. Stein, Christopher Edens, Hadi Özbal, Julie Pearce, and Holly Pittman, Hacinebi, Turkey: Preliminary Report on the 1995 Excavations. Anatolica 22:100-104.
1997 Chipped Stone. In G. Stein, K. Boden, C. Edens, J.P. Edens, K. Keith, A. McMahon, and H. Özbal, "Excavations at Hacinebi Turkey - 1996: Preliminary Report. Anatolica 23:124-127.
Frangipane, Marcella
1993 Local Components in the Development of Centralized Societies in Syro-Anatolian Regions. In Between the Rivers and Over the Mountains. M. Frangipane , H. Hauptmann , M. Liverani , P. Matthiae , and M. Mellink , eds. Pp. 133-161. Rome: Universita di Roma "La Sapienza".
Özbal, Hadi
1996 Chemical Analysis of a Copper Chisel from Hacinebi Tepe. Anatolica 22:109-110.
1997 Early Metal Technology at Hacinebi Tepe. In In G. Stein, K. Boden, C. Edens, J. Edens, K. Keith, A. McMahon, and H. Özbal, "Excavations at Hacinebi Turkey - 1996: Preliminary Report. Anatolica 23:139-143.
Pearce, Julie
1996 Hacinebi Phase B Ceramics. in Gil J. Stein et al. : Hacinebi, Turkey: Preliminary Report on the 1995 Excavations. Anatolica 22:104-106.
Pearce-Edens, Julie
1997 Hacinebi Ceramic Analysis, 1996. In In G. Stein, K. Boden, C. Edens, J. Edens, K. Keith, A. McMahon, and H. Özbal, "Excavations at Hacinebi Turkey - 1996: Preliminary Report. Anatolica 23:127-132.
Pittman, Holly
1996a Preliminary Report on the Administrative Artifacts: Hacinebi Tepe 1995 Season. In Gil J. Stein, Christopher Edens, Hadi Özbal, Julie Pearce, and Holly Pittman, Hacinebi, Turkey: Preliminary Report on the 1995 Excavations. Anatolica 22:98-100.
1996b Preliminary Report on the Glyptic Art: Hacinebi, 1993. In Gil Stein et al. Uruk Colonies and Mesopotamian Communities: An Interim Report on the 1992-3 Excavations at Hacinebi, Turkey. American Journal of Archaeology 100(2):230-233.
Stein, Gil, R. Bernbeck, C. Coursey, A. McMahon, N. Miller, A. Misir, J. Nicola, H. Pittman, S. Pollock, and H. Wright
1996 Uruk colonial expansion and Anatolian communities: an interim report on the 1992-3 excavations at Hacinebi,Turkey. American Journal of Archaeology 100:205-260.
Stein, G., K. Boden, C. Edens, J. Pearce Edens, K. Keith, A. McMahon, and H. Özbal
1997 Excavations at Hacinebi, Turkey -- 1996: preliminary report . Anatolica. 23.
Stein, G., C. Edens, N. Miller, H Özbal, J. Pearce, and H. Pittman
1996 Hacinebi, Turkey: preliminary report on the 1995 excavations. Anatolica 22:85-128.
Stein , Gil, and Adnan Misir
1996 1994 Excavations at Hacinebi Tepe. In XVII Kazi Sonuclar Toplantisi. Pp. 109-128. Ankara: Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Culture, General Directorate of Monuments and Museums.
FIGURES
1. Topographic map of Hacinebi Tepe, showing main excavation areas.
2. Hacinebi calibrated radiocarbon dates (2 sigma probabilities) - all processsed samples from 1992-1997.
3. Hacinebi 4th and 3rd millennium relative chronology
4. Area A (North): Operations 4 and 14 - Plan of north, central, and southern mud brick structures in uppermost early pre-contact phase A building level.
5. Rectangular stone stamp seal with cervid, bird, and anthropomorphic motifs. Phase A. HN 15670: (Operation 4 locus 276: lot 522)
6. Area B: Operation 11 - earliest phase A domestic architecture constructed on sterile gravels.
7. Bone stamp seal carved in the shape of a recumbant lion- obverse. HN 14420: (Op. 16 locus 133 lot 193)
8. Bone stamp seal carved in the shape of a recumbant lion- geometric sealing motif on reverse. HN 14420: (Op. 16 locus 133 lot 193)
9. Area C: phase A stone architecture - two stone buildings with long, narrow rooms possibly used for large scale storage.
10. Late Chalcolithic seals and seal impressions
A. HN14420 Op. 16 locus 133 lot 193. Carved bone stamp seal in the shape of a lion, with geometric motif on sealing surface. Drilled on side. Late Chalcolithic Phase B2.
B. HN15690 Op. 4 locus 276 lot 522. Stamp seal. Reddish-brown siltstone (?) with cervid, avian, and anthropomorphic motifs. Drilled on side. Late Chalcolithic Phase A.
C. HN15224 Op. 16 locus 179 lot 269. Incised limestone stamp seal with linear motif. Partially drilled on side. Late Chalcolithic Phase B1 (?).
D. HN14431 Op. 16 locus 133 lot 196. Incised limestone stamp seal with curvilinear designs on obverse and reverse. Partially drilled on side. Late Chalcolithic Phase B1 (?).
E. HN14977 Op. 4 locus 248 lot 489. Unbaked clay stamp seal impression. Late Chalcolithic Phase A (?).
F. HN14650 Op. 5 locus 198 lot 361. Unbaked clay stamp seal impression. Late Chalcolithic Phase A.
G. HN15265 Op. 16 locus 178 lot 280. Unbaked clay stamp seal impression. String impressions on reverse. Late Chalcolithic Phase B1 (?).
H. HN14419 Op. 16 locus 135 lot 194. Unbaked clay stamp seal impression. Late Chalcolithic Phase B1.
11. Phase A ceramics
A. DR 97:156 Form J32; Op.4 Loc.180 Lot424, HN5986:2; Rim diam. =14 cm; sandy with occasional lime gravel; pale yellow.
B. DR 97:557. Form J34.1; Op.4 Loc.171 Lot392, HN 5615:10, Rim diam.=14 cm sandy, lime present; burnished buff slip exterior.
C. DR 97:547 Form B38; Op.11 Loc.202 Lot371, HN 16763:21; Rim diam.=35 cm; vegetal and gravel inclusions, lime present; burnished gray surfaces.
D. DR 97:551 Form - B39; Op.14 Loc.162 Lot376, HN 16308:27; Rim diam.=21 cm; vegetal and sand inclusions, burnished exterior surface; red brown surfaces.
E. DR 97:71 -Form J50; Op.14 Loc.178 Lot 331, HN 14573:1; Rim diam.=15 cm; vegetal and gravel inclusions; burnished red ware.
F. DR 97:109. Form J19; Op.5 Loc.173 Lot362, HN14861; Rim diam.=29 cm; vegetal and gravel inclusions; orange buff surfaces.
G. DR 97:554 Form - B39; Op.11 Loc.202 Lot371, HN 16763:26; Rim diam.=24 cm; vegetal inclusions, gravel present; burnished gray surfaces.
H. DR 97:540. Form B93; Op.11 Loc.202 Lot 371, HN 16766:222; Rim diam.=22 cm; vegetal and sand inclusions, lime present; orange surfaces, incised potter's mark exterior.
I. DR 97:534. Form B31; Op.11 Loc.175 Lot393, HN 15544:3; Rim diam.=24 cm; sand, lime present; gray surfaces.
J. DR 97:544 . Form B38; Op.11 Loc.202 Lot371, HN 16763:25; Rim diam.=32 cm; vegetal and gravel inclusions, lime present; brownish buff surfaces.
K. DR 97:553. Form B39; Op.14 Loc.162 Lot323, HN 14554:11; Rim diam.=27 cm; vegetal and gravel inclusions, lime present; burnished with roughly smoothed band below rim exterior, yellow exterior, orange interior surfaces, incised potter's mark.
L. DR 97:526. Form B75; Op.11 Loc.202 Lot371, HN 16763:19; Rim diam.=28 cm; vegetal inclusions, sand and gravel present; burnished exterior below carination, gray surfaces.
M. DR 97:555. Form B65; Op.11 Loc.202 Lot371, HN 14763:22; Rim diam.=28 cm; vegetal inclusions, gravel present; gray surfaces
N. Form J94; Op.14 Loc.191 Lot362, HN 15465; Rim diam.=14 cm; vegetal and gravel inclusions; buff surfaces, sooted base
O. DR 97:560. Form J78.1; Op.11 Loc.202 Lot371, HN 16766:255; Rim diam.=13 cm, vegetal inclusions, gravel present; yellow surfaces.
P. DR 97:541. Form B93; Op.11 Loc.202 Lot371, HN 16763:16; Rim diam.=16 cm; vegetal and sand inclusions, lime present; orange buff surfaces.Tables
1. Hacinebi 1997 calibrated radiocarbon sample dates- pre-contact phases A and B1.
Gil J. Stein
g-stein@northwestern.edu
Anthropology Department, Northwestern University
Last modified - July 20, 2001